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We assume that chimpanzees use stone and wood hammers in nut-cracking to crack nuts that are difficult to open [45] and that these hammers are not evenly distributed in different locations in the tree-hole. Tool selection will therefore depend on the availability of tools in the tree-hole and the location of the missing tree-hole. We therefore assume that the availability of a tool is the limiting factor for hammer selection, and that the distribution of hammers in the tree-hole is not uniform. If this assumption is true, tool availability should be more important than location, and therefore tool selection patterns should be identical to the tool selection pattern in the South Group regardless of the time of migration into the new territory. We tested these assumptions by analysing the availability and distribution of hammers recovered at nut-cracking trees within the SoS territory. The recovery of hammers on the same tree more than three times a season (N = 24 out of 27 Coula edulis trees) indicated that hammer availability was independent of nut season and therefore independent of nut availability. Additionally, the proportion of stone hammers found on the same tree was significantly higher than the proportion of wooden hammers. This suggests that stone hammers are more evenly distributed in the tree-hole than wooden hammers. Second, as we expected tool selection patterns to be identical regardless of the time of migration, we compared the hammer selection pattern recorded before immigration of the new individuals to the hammer selection pattern documented after immigration. The pattern recorded before immigration corresponded to the hammer selection pattern in the South Group. This suggests that our assumption about hammer distribution was not wrong, and that the availability of hammers is a limiting factor for tool selection. Despite the finding that hammer distribution in the tree-hole was almost identical to the distribution documented in South Group, tool selection patterns in the two groups differed in the selection frequency of stone hammers, suggesting that social learning is not the only mechanism influencing hammer selection. We identified one female who showed a higher frequency of stone hammer selection in the SoS community compared to the South Group. We suggest that this pattern is the result of social learning in the new community, where the individual was influenced by a group member with a positive hammer selection pattern. As only one individual of the new community showed a higher frequency of stone hammer selection, this may be a result of positive reinforcement, as reported in other chimpanzee communities [49,52] and humans [53]. 827ec27edc