LS LAND Issue11 21
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Hits (blue), misses (orange), false alarms (yellow), and correct negatives (purple) for each SPP over the (left) West, (center) Gulf, and (right) East Coasts for the (top) land, (middle) coast, and (bottom) ocean surface types.
As mentioned previously, the dataset is divided into three different surface types namely, land, coast, and ocean using the GPROFV05 surface classification dataset. The sample size of the matched dataset with and without quality control for each surface type is presented in Table 2.
Detection performance is evaluated with categorical skill scores: percentage of hits, misses, false and correct negatives are presented in Fig. 3. The results are broken down by regions (West Coast, Gulf of Mexico, and East Coast) and surface types (land, coast, and ocean surface types) and shown for retrievals IMERG Final (IM-F), IMERG Late (IM-L), IMERG Early (IM-E), IMERG PMW (PMW), IMERG IR (IR), IMERG PMW morph (morph), and morph and IR mix (morph+IR). The detection performance is discussed in terms of algorithms, regions, and surface types.
Surface types represent another conditioning factor for rainfall detection by IMERG (Fig. 3). Across all regions and products there is a tendency for lower hits over coastal surfaces. The coastal transitions remain a challenge for rainfall estimation from space. Misses are slightly more prevalent over land, reflecting the challenges in distinguishing the rainfall signal from the radiometrically warm and variable land surface. Surprisingly, false alarms tend to be higher over the ocean than over land.
Detection of stratiform and convective rainfall occurrence varies significantly across regions, which highlights the impact of precipitation regimes. Detection of precipitation types varies also slightly depending on surfaces. Over the land and coastal surfaces of the East Coast, all products detect convective rainfall occurrence slightly better than stratiform rainfall occurrence. It tends to be the other way around on the West Coast, where slightly higher hit rates are associated with stratiform rainfall. For example, the West Coast IM-F, IM-L, and IM-E stratiform hit rates are slightly higher (~6%) over coastal and ocean surface types relative to the convective hit rate. Again, it probably reflects the difference in precipitation generation mechanisms across both regions, and the challenges in detecting orographic precipitation from space on the West Coast. Over the ocean, most products display similar or slightly better detection of stratiform rainfall (except IR). On the East Coast and West Coast, the detection of stratiform rainfall is higher over ocean than over land and coastal surfaces (+11% hits with IM-F on the West Coast), as expected. The detection of convective rainfall occurrence follows the same trend, albeit with less difference across surfaces. It is likely that the transition of surfaces and environments (e.g., surface emissivity gradients) impacts more stratiform than convective satellite estimates. On the Gulf Coast, the detection performance of both convective and stratiform precipitation remains about the same across surfaces for both precipitation types.
The three regions are characterized by different precipitation regimes and generation mechanisms. Accordingly, all products show regionally varying skill at delineating stratiform and convective GV-MRMS precipitation. Again, West Coast stands out with the highest detection performance difference between stratiform (higher) and convective (lower) rainfall types over land and coastal surfaces. West Coast overland detection of convective rainfall is the lowest across regions and surfaces. It confirms that the challenges in this region are associated with orographic generation of convective precipitation. Detection skills are generally more uniform across stratiform than convective precipitation over the ocean.
Coastal transitions remain a challenge for rainfall estimation. Misses are slightly more prevalent over land, reflecting the challenges in distinguishing the rainfall signal from the radiometrically warm and variable land surface. Moreover, across all regions and products there is a tendency for lower hit rates and higher false alarms over coastal surfaces.
Results: Core Treatments for Knee OA included arthritis education and structured land-based exercise programs with or without dietary weight management. Core Treatments for Hip and Polyarticular OA included arthritis education and structured land-based exercise programs. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were strongly recommended for individuals with Knee OA (Level 1A). For individuals with gastrointestinal comorbidities, COX-2 inhibitors were Level 1B and NSAIDs with proton pump inhibitors Level 2. For individuals with cardiovascular comorbidities or frailty, use of any oral NSAID was not recommended. Intra-articular (IA) corticosteroids, IA hyaluronic acid, and aquatic exercise were Level 1B/Level 2 treatments for Knee OA, dependent upon comorbidity status, but were not recommended for individuals with Hip or Polyarticular OA. The use of Acetaminophen/Paracetamol (APAP) was conditionally not recommended (Level 4A and 4B), and the use of oral and transdermal opioids was strongly not recommended (Level 5). A treatment algorithm was constructed in order to guide clinical decision-making for a variety of patient profiles, using recommended treatments as input for each decision node.
TROPOMI is the single payload aboard the Sentinel 5 Precursor (S5P) satellite that has a sun-synchronous orbit with a local overpass time of approximately 13:30 with a near-daily global coverage since April 2018 (Veefkind et al., 2012). The TROPOMI NO2 retrieval algorithm is developed by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute and based on the NO2 DOMINO algorithm with significant improvements including the improved retrieval of slant column density and spectral fitting (Boersma et al., 2018; Lorente et al., 2017; Van Geffen et al., 2015). TROPOMI retrieves tropospheric NO2 with a pixel size of 7 km × 3.5 km at nadir, and the resolution has been improved to 5.5 km × 3.5 km with a change in the S5P operation scenario since August 6, 2019 (orbit 9388) (Eskes and Eichmann, 2019). We only use TROPOMI offline observations with cloud coverage less than 0.3, and quality assurance greater than 0.75 (Eskes and Eichmann, 2019).
Tarchechee, a full blooded Cherokee, supposed to be nearly sixty years old, was born and raised in the Cherokee Nation; lived in the early part of his life on the head waters of Chattahoochy and on the northwest side of Hightower River, and when he had a wife ' five little children he removed to the south side of Hightower, and has ever since lived at different places on the creeks that empty into the Hightower on the south side.- he now has many grand-children, and he always thought he was living on Cherokee land, he never heard that the Creeks claimed any land on any of the waters of Hightower. He never heard anything about the line between the two nations, until he heard they had run a line from Buzzard Roost to Will's Creek. He has lately heard that the people of Georgia claimed some of the Cherokee land; but he did not know how they claimed it, as he always thought it belonged to the Cherokees. The above statement was interpreted by John Wright and George Still to be the true statement of what the said old Indian, Tarchechee said to Gen. John Coffee, U. States' Commissioner, which interpretation we have made correctly to the best of our knowledge and understanding of the Cherokee language.
James Buchanan, in his 70th year of age, a citizen of Jasper County, Georgia- at present traveling in the Nation, being enquired of by Gen. Jno. Coffee, United States' Commissioner, who is collecting evidence of the true line between the Creek and Cherokee Nations, if I know anything on that subject,-in answer thereto, I have heard that subject spoken of frequently in the State of Georgia. I was living in that State during the Revolutionary War and have lived there ever since, and from all I have heard the impression has been made on my mind that the Buzzard Roost on Chattahoochy was considered the line between the nations. The subject of Indian lands has been much thought and spoken of in Georgia, and in conversations generally on that subject, I have always understood the above to be the line between the two nations. The above statement I make upon honor as being true to the best of my information and impression.
The statement of Chickasawtee, one of the chiefs of the Chero. Nation who signed the Treaty made by that nation with the State of Georgia, at Augusta, on the thirty-first day of May 1783. His signature being the sixth name of the Cherokees on that Treaty. He says that the line of that Treaty, as understood by him, was to run from the top of Currohee Mountain, to the Lower Big Falls on the south fork of the Ocone River, and then it stopped. They were at Augusta, and not on the ground he has been speaking about. But his understanding at the time was, that if he was at the falls of the Ocone, where the line stopped, and turn his face towards the setting of the sun, and look towards the Ten Islands on Coosa River, leaving the Stone Mountain on the right, that he would be looking along the line between the Cherokee and Creek lands. He does not know his age at the time of the Treaty of Augusta, but he had then a family and some of his children were grown,-he supposes he must be hear one hundred years old. 2b1af7f3a8