Dutch: An Essential Grammar, 9th Edition

5 Seventh edition first published by Routledge Eighth edition first published 00 by Routledge Ninth edition first published 00 by Routledge 0 Madison Ave, New York, NY 00 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 00 William Z. Shetter and Esther Ham This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-library, 00. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge s collection of thousands of ebooks please go to All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Shetter, William Z. Dutch: an essential grammar/william Z. Shetter and Esther Ham. th ed. p. cm. Includes index.. Dutch language Grammar.. Dutch language Textbooks for foreign speakers English. I. Ham, Esther. II. Title. PF.S dc 000 ISBN Master e-book ISBN ISBN0: 0 0 (pbk) ISBN0: 0 0 (ebk) ISBN: 0 0 (pbk) ISBN: 0 0 (ebk)

12 Preface Continued demand for Dutch: An Essential Grammar has necessitated a new revised edition that not only provides some updating but addresses some features of the previous eighth edition that seemed to need revision and updating. In this ninth edition, the reader will find these changes: The reading passages that in the previous edition were called Practice texts are no longer part of the grammar. Today s world offers a growing abundance of accessible written and spoken material through a widening variety of channels (see Chapter ). This leads us to feel that a work striving to limit itself to presenting the essential first few steps in learning the language no longer needs to be in the business of providing reading material as well. An exception is the Three stories held over from the eighth edition. The traditional exercise material has been reduced to two or three sample exercises in each chapter, now found under the heading Let s try it, that appear following the presentation of certain important points. A chapter devoted entirely to prepositions has been added. The vocabularies that appeared toward the end of each chapter have now been dropped. The reader will find all Dutch words used throughout the grammar in the general vocabulary at the end. In addition to a detailed Contents, this edition now includes an Index. For recommendation of audio aids to both classroom and individual instruction, the reader is urged to consult Chapter, in which we discuss a wide variety of different ways to supplement this Essential Grammar. A regularly updated listing of electronic learning resources available on the Internet appears on the Routledge website at A note of caution is appropriate here: the world of xi

13 Preface publication and electronic availability changes so rapidly that what we offer here cannot be more than a few suggestions of places in which to look. This grammar first appeared nearly fifty years ago in the Netherlands under the title Introduction to Dutch. At that time, to quote the words of the eighth edition, there was little or no formal instruction in Dutch to be found in the U.S. There was need for a book that would provide clear, logical explanations for the many who wanted or needed to learn the language but could find no alternative to learning the basics by themselves. Today Dutch is taught throughout the world, including thirty or more college-level institutions in the U.S., and there is a variety of intensive courses in the Netherlands and Belgium. There are grammars, dictionaries, taped and audiovisual courses in abundance. Dutch: An Essential Grammar hopes to retain its membership in this realm of classroom instruction while never abandoning its usefulness to those still working alone. This is why it continues to be as compact and self-explanatory as possible. Our task of presenting only what is essential has been made considerably easier by the presence of the Routledge publication that can best serve as a sequel: Bruce Donaldson s Dutch: A Comprehensive Grammar (; nd edition, 00). The reader is urged to turn to that grammar for more detailed treatment and for the next few steps in the language. Chapter includes a description of Donaldson s book as well as other grammatical works. For challenging both of us to keep trying to find better ways of presenting Dutch grammar, we are grateful to many generations of students to whom it has been our privilege to present the language and culture of the Netherlands and Flanders. William Z. Shetter Esther Ham Department of Germanic Studies Indiana University Bloomington, IN 0 xii

For the tagging and lemmatisation of the reference corpus we aimed to yield annotations that were compatible to those in the CGN project. To the extent possible we wanted to re-use the tag set as well as the annotation tools and protocols for the human annotators. The tag set used to tag the reference corpus is essentially the same as that used for the Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN), be it that a few tags were added to handle phenomena that do not occur in spoken language such as abbreviations and symbols [50]. Moreover, some tags that already existed in the original CGN tag set in the D-Coi/SoNaR version cover additional phenomena.

Despite its huge application potential, the annotation of named entities and the development of named entity recognition (NER) systems is an under-researched area for Dutch. NER, the task of automatically identifying and classifying names in texts, has started as an information subtask in the framework of the MUC conferences, but has also been proven to be essential for information retrieval, question answering, co-reference resolution, etc. 59ce067264

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