Colonial Houses Of New Haven

Colonial Houses Of New Haven

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The Pardee-Morris House, also known as John Morris House, is a historic house museum at 325 Lighthouse Road in New Haven, Connecticut. Probably built in the late 17th century, it is one of New Haven's oldest surviving buildings, and a good example of First Period colonial architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.[1] It is now owned and operated by the New Haven Museum and Historical Society, and is open seasonally for events, classes and tours.

The oldest portions of the house are believed to date to the late 17th century, probably during the lifetime of Thomas Morris, the first colonial grantee of land in this area, or one of his sons. It was partially burned by the British in 1779. It remained in the Morris family until 1915, when it was sold to William Pardee. He only briefly occupied the house, and willed it to the historical society upon his death a few years later, along with an endowment for its care.[2]

Five hundred miles along the Atlantic from Delaware Bay to the Savannah River, from coastal tidewaters to the uplands of the Piedmont, the South spread its plantations. In this great region Southern colonial architecture developed, from crude shelters and frame and brick farmhouses in the 17th century to the sophisticated Georgian mansions of the l8th century. The settlers of the South were predominantly English and had no quarrel with the Anglican Church, or with the King. They were loyal to the institutions and beliefs of England and this is reflected in their architecture.

New England saw the first serious attempt at colonization with the settlement at Plymouth in 1620 and Boston in 1630. If any one thing may be said to be typical of colonial structures in New England it is that the material used is generally wood. Several reasons may be given for this characteristic of the New England structure. In the first place the Puritans who came from England were familiar with frame structures. Brick had been introduced for building the smaller dwellings in England only a few years before they started out for the New World. Probably a more important reason for the adoption of wood for the first homes is that lime was not easily obtained. There was an abundance of sand, clay, and stone, but the absence of lime made the manufacture of mortar out of the question. Only eight houses of brick and four of stone are known to have been built before 1700 in New England.

The colonial architecture of New England has sometimes been viewed as a new achievement in a new world. It has been assumed that the colonists adapted the traditions of their homeland to the new environment, evolved new forms, and achieved an architectural style that was essentially American. Nothing could be further from the truth. So far as can be determined no single new building technique was invented and no new architectural form evolved in the English colonies in the 17th century.

Knowledgeable builders were scarce in the colony during the first years. In 1628 Governor Endicott arrived and brought with him a group of builders. (slide) Because wooden chimneys and thatched roofs were in constant danger of catching fire, laws were passed which forbade these materials to be used. (slide) As a result of the lack of lime, the early homes had no plaster walls. (slide) Around each home was a garden containing fruit trees, kitchen vegetables,and herbs. In colonial times, growing plants just for pleasure was considered frivolous. In the 17th century the housewife had to produce in her garden many things that we buy in the store today. In addition to the plants raised for flavoring and curing food, she produced the ingredients for tonics, drinks, simple cosmetics, insect repellents, dyes, candies, and whatever she might need for medicine. (slide)

Unlike the Puritans of New England, many of the settlers of the southern colonies were well-to-do Englishmen, attracted to the area by its promise of agricultural wealth. Their high social standing was reflected in their architecture. Williamsburg was the capital of Virginia from 1699 to 1779, a span of years almost identical to the period in which the Georgian style flourished in America. Virginia was the wealthiest and most architecturally advanced of the colonies and its capital had the most impressive group of public buildings in the colonial Georgian style. Williamsburg was a planned town; the major axis, the Duke of Glouster Street, (slide) is 99 feet wide and seven-eighths of a mile long. At the west end of the street is the College of William and Mary (slide) and at the east end is the Capitol. The city was laid out according to the principles of 18th-century city planning, with streets and blocks laid out in relation to the main avenue.

The main building is Georgian in style (slide) and in many respects resembles English country estates of the period of the two Georges. The grounds consist of formal gardens (slide). In 1751 a wing was added to provide a ballroom and state dining room adequate for the official entertaining required of the royal governor. (slide) While the exterior of the Colonial Georgian mansions are imposing and dignified, the interiors reflected, to an even greater degree, the newly found wealth and elegance of eighteenth century colonial life.

From 1715 to the present day the Burton Church has been in continuous use. It is a fine example of a Southern colonial church. (slide) The use of arched doors and both rounded and arched windows is typical of colonial churches in Virginia. A large pew was set aside for the use of the governor and the council. The governor was also provided with a canopied chair. (slide)

The main sites of Georgian architecture in New England were the seaports. With the gradual shift of the economic basis of colonial life from agriculture to manufacturing and shipping, the coastal communities grew from village to town to city. The Georgian style in New England flourished first in the cities where the wealth of the Yankee trader was concentrated and where the commercial and cultural ties with England were strongest. Since the Georgian style was an expression of wealth, it first evolved in the large and fine mansions of Portsmouth, Boston, and Newport.

It is worth noting that in New England there was a large group of middle-class houses, in contrast to the South, where there was almost no middle ground, architecturally, between the mansions of the wealthy and the cabins of the slaves. As the eighteenth century progressed the houses of the middle class became small versions of the Georgian mansions the wealthy built. The flourishing colonial community boasted a number of churches, schools, colleges, and government buildings which, like the houses, reflected the Georgian style. (slide)

In New England, only Newport, Rhode Island, ranked with Boston as a center of commerce, wealth, and fine architecture in the eighteenth century. Newport grew rapidly as a shipbuilding and shipping center, as well as a haven for privateers and ships of war. Commercially it became one of the richest ports in the colonies; its fleet of merchant ships sailed all over the world. The long wharf was lined with small ships and taverns. (slide)

Aside from drawings and written accounts, little is known or left of colonial architecture in New Haven. A few examples stand today as a reminder of our colonial period. Connecticut Hall at Yale, formerly called Old South Middle (slide), was built in 1750, with funds provided by the Legislature. It is the only pre-Revolutionary building left at Yale. The Jehiel Forbes House was built in 1767, the only one known to have been built of stone in New Haven. The John Pierpont House, now the Yale Faculty Club, was built in 1767. Built for the well-to-do, the house reflects New Haven life style prior to the American Revolution.

4. All the magistrates for the whole juridsiction shall meete twice a yeare att Newhaven, namely, the Munday immediately before the sitting of the two fixed Generall Courts hereafter mentioned, to keep a Court called the Court of Magistrates, for the tryall of weighty and capitall cases, whether civill or criminall, above those lymitted to the ordinary judges in the particular plantations, and to receive and try all appeales brought unto them from the aforesaid Plantation Courts, and to call all the inhabitants, whether free burgesses, free planters, or others, to account for the breach of any lawes established, and for other misdeameanours, and to censure them according to the quallity of the offence, in which meetings of magistrates, less then tower shall nott be accounted a Court, nor shall they carry on any busines as a Court, butt itt is expected and required, thatt all the magistrates in this jurisdiction doe constantly attend the publique service att the times before mentioned, & if any of them be absent aft one of the clock in the afternoons on Munday aforesaid, when the court shall sift, or if any of them depart the towne without leave, while the court sifts, he or they shall pay for any such default, twenty shillings fine, unless some providence of God occasion the same, which the Court of Magistrates shall judge of from time to time, and all sentences in this court shall pass by the vote of the major part of magistrates therein, butt from this Court of Magistrates, appeales and complaints may be made and brought to the Generall Court the last and highest of this jurisdiction; butt in all appeales or complaints from, or to, what court soever, due costs and damages shall be payd by him or them thatt make appeale or complaint without just cause.

5. Besides the Plantation Courts and Court of Magistrates, there shall be a Generall Court for the Jurisdiction, which shall consist of the Governor, Deputy Governor and all the Magistrates within the Jurisdiction, and two Deputyes for every plantation in the Jurisdiction, which Deputyes shall from time to time be chosen against the approach of any such Generall Court, by the aforesaid free burgesses, and sent with due certificate to assist in the same, all which, both Governor and Deputy Governor, Magistrates and Deputyes, shall have their vote in the said Court. This Generall Court shall always sift aft New-haven, (unless upon weighty occasions the Generall Court see cause for a time to sift elsewhere,) and shall assemble twice every yeare, namely, the first Wednesday in Aprill, & the last Wednesday in October, in the later of which courts the Governor, the Deputy Governor and all the magistrates for the whole jurisdiction with a Treasurer, a Secretary and Marshall, shall yearly be chosen by all the free burgesses before mentioned, besides which two fixed courts, the Governor, or in his absence, the Deputy Governor. shall have power to summon a Generall Court att any other time, as the urgent and extraordinary occasions of the jurisdiction may require, and aft all Generall Courts, whether ordinary or extraordinary, the Governor and Deputy Governor, and all the rest of the magistrates for the jurisdiction, with the Deputyes for the several! plantations, shall sift together, till the affayres of the jurisdiction be dispatched or may safely be respited, and if any of the said magistrates or Deputyes shall either be absent aft the first sitting of the said Generall Court, (unless some providence of God hinder, which the said Court shall judge of,) or depart, or absent themselves disorderly before the Court be finished he or they shall each of them pay twenty shillings fine, with due considerations of further aggravations if there shall be cause; which Generall Court shall, with all care and delligence provide for the maintenance of the purity of religion' and suppress the contrary, according to their best light from the worde of God, and all wholsome and sound advice which shall be given by the elders and churches in the jurisdiction, so fare as may concerne their civill power to deale therein. 153554b96e

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